Vertical water quality profiles can be conducted in deep lakes, rivers and rservoirs. Temperature loggers are also commonly used for continuous temperature monitoring.

Flow is measured with a Marsh-McBirney™ Model 2000 portable flow meter. Stream widths, depths, and velocities are measured, and the resulting instantaneous discharge is calculated.

Frequent measurements of stream flow, in conjunction with chemical water quality, can be used to estimate annual loading of specific water quality constituents.